| $ $ |
material |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
testing group |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
production according to temperature |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
seamless product |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
material of bolt |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
material of the shell |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
type of material |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
class |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
type of material |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
min. elongation after fracture |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
type of material of the shell |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
min. elongation after fracture of the shell |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
type of material of bolt |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
material of the nozzle |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
type of material of the nozzle |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
min. elongation after fracture of the nozzle |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
material of nut |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
material group |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
flange type (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
flange type (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
connected shell (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
connected shell (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
shell type (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
shell type (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
gasket form |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ $ |
bolting-up (tightening) method measuring method |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $2b''$ |
effective gasket pressure width |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $A$ |
outside diameter of the flange |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $A$ |
factor $ A $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $A$ |
parameter $ A $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $A$ |
factor $ A $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $A$ |
total area of the reinforcement |
$\mathrm{mm^2}$ |
| $A$ |
inside diameter of flange |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $A'$ |
nozzle reiforcement area |
$\mathrm{mm^2}$ |
| $A_1$ |
factor $ A_1 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $A_1$ |
inside diameter of gasket contact face |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $A_B$ |
total cross-sectional area of bolts at the section of least bolt diameter |
$\mathrm{mm^2}$ |
| $A_F$ |
radial cross-section area of flange ring (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm^2}$ |
| $A_L$ |
radial cross-section area of loose flange (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm^2}$ |
| $A_{1_{test}}$ |
factor $ A_{1_{test}} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $A_{B,min}$ |
total required cross-sectional area of bolts |
$\mathrm{mm^2}$ |
| $A_{Ge}$ |
gasket area effective |
$\mathrm{mm^2}$ |
| $A_{Gt}$ |
gasket area theoretical |
$\mathrm{mm^2}$ |
| $A_{test}$ |
parameter $ A_{test} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $B$ |
inside diameter of flange |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $B$ |
parameter $ B $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $B$ |
factor $ B $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $B$ |
outside diameter of the flange |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $B_1$ |
factor $ B_1 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $B_{1_{test}}$ |
factor $ B_{1_{test}} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $B_{test}$ |
parameter $ B_{test} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C$ |
bolt pitch circle diameter |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $C$ |
factor $ C $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_1$ |
factor $ C_1 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_1$ |
shape factor for calculation of circular flat ends |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_1$ |
constant $ C_1 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_2$ |
factor $ C_2 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_2$ |
shape factor for calculation of circular flat ends |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_2$ |
constant $ C_2 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_3$ |
factor $ C_3 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_3$ |
shape factors for calculation of flat ends of non-circular shape |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_4$ |
factor $ C_4 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_4$ |
shape factors for calculation of flat ends of non-circular shape |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_5$ |
factor $ C_5 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_6$ |
factor $ C_6 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_7$ |
factor $ C_7 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_8$ |
factor $ C_8 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_9$ |
factor $ C_9 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_F$ |
bolt pitch correction factor |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{10}$ |
factor $ C_{10} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{11}$ |
factor $ C_{11} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{12}$ |
factor $ C_{12} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{13}$ |
factor $ C_{13} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{14}$ |
factor $ C_{14} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{15}$ |
factor $ C_{15} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{16}$ |
factor $ C_{16} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{17}$ |
factor $ C_{17} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{18}$ |
factor $ C_{18} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{19}$ |
factor $ C_{19} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{1_{test}}$ |
shape factor for calculation of circular flat ends for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{20}$ |
factor $ C_{20} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{21}$ |
factor $ C_{21} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{22}$ |
factor $ C_{22} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{23}$ |
factor $ C_{23} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{24}$ |
factor $ C_{24} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{25}$ |
factor $ C_{25} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{26}$ |
factor $ C_{26} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{27}$ |
factor $ C_{27} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{28}$ |
factor $ C_{28} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{29}$ |
factor $ C_{29} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{30}$ |
factor $ C_{30} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{31}$ |
factor $ C_{31} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{32}$ |
factor $ C_{32} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{33}$ |
factor $ C_{33} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{34}$ |
factor $ C_{34} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{35}$ |
factor $ C_{35} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{36}$ |
factor $ C_{36} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $C_{37}$ |
factor $ C_{37} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $D_F$ |
diameter of the flat part of an end with a tapered hub |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $D_L$ |
inside diameter of seal weld lip |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $D_c$ |
mean diameter of the cylinder at the junction with the cone |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $D_e$ |
outside diameter of the cylindrical flange |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $D_i$ |
inside diameter of shell |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $D_i$ |
inside diameter of the cylindrical flange |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $D_i$ |
inside diameter of the cone |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $D_i$ |
inside diameter of the cylindrical shell welded to a flat end |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $D_{eq}$ |
equivalent diameter of an end with a hub |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $E_0$ |
compressive modulus of elasticity of the gasket at zero compressive stress $ Q=0 $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $E_1$ |
factor $ E_1 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $E_2$ |
factor $ E_2 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $E_3$ |
factor $ E_3 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $E_4$ |
factor $ E_4 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $E_5$ |
factor $ E_5 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $E_6$ |
factor $ E_6 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $E_T$ |
modulus of elasticity for normal operating load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $E_{B0}$ |
modulus of elasticity bolt at zero load condition |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $E_{B1}$ |
modulus of elasticity bolt at load 1 |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $E_{F0}$ |
modulus of elasticity flange at zero load condition (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $E_{F1}$ |
modulus of elasticity flange at load 1 (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $E_{G0}$ |
modulus of elasticity gasket at zero load condition |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $E_{G1}$ |
modulus of elasticity gasket at load 1 |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $E_{Gm}$ |
minimum moduli of elasticity |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $E_{L0}$ |
modulus of elasticity loose flange at zero load condition (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $E_{L1}$ |
modulus of elasticity loose flange at load 1 (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $E_{T_{test}}$ |
modulus of elasticity for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $F$ |
factor $ F $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $F_e$ |
coefficient $ F_e $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $F_s$ |
coefficient $ F_s $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $F_{A0}$ |
external axial force at zero load condition |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $F_{A1}$ |
external axial force at load 1 |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $F_{B0,max}$ |
maximum bolt force at zero load condition of all bolts |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $F_{B0,min}$ |
minimum bolt force at zero load condition of all bolts |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $F_{B0,nom}$ |
nominal bolt force at zero load condition of all bolts |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $F_{B0,req}$ |
required bolt force at zero load condition of all bolts |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $F_{G0,min}$ |
minimum gasket force at zero load condition |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $F_{G0,req}$ |
required gasket force at zero load condition |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $F_{G0}$ |
gasket force for assembly condition |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $F_{G1,min}$ |
minimum gasket force at load 1 |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $F_{GΔ}$ |
minimum gasket force in assembly condition that guarantees that the required gasket force is maintained in all subsequent conditions |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $F_{Q1}$ |
axial fluid-pressure force at load 1 |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $F_{R0}$ |
force resulting from $ F_{A0} $ and $ M_{A0} $ at zero load condition |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $F_{R1}$ |
force resulting from $ F_{A1} $ and $ M_{A1} $ at load 1 |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $G$ |
diameter of gasket load reaction |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $G$ |
factor $ G $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $G$ |
diameter at location of gasket load reaction |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $G_0$ |
outside diameter of gasket or outside diameter of flange, whichever is less |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $H$ |
total hydrostatic end force |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $H$ |
factor $ H $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $H_D$ |
hydrostatic end force applied via shell to flange |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $H_G$ |
compression load on gasket to ensure tight joint |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $H_R$ |
balancing reaction force outside bolt circle in opposition to moments due to loads inside bolt circle |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $H_T$ |
hydrostatic end force due to pressure on flange face |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $H_T$ |
net pressure load on the flange faces |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $H_{D_{test}}$ |
hydrostatic end force applied via shell to flange for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $H_{G_{test}}$ |
compression load on gasket to ensure tight joint for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $H_{R_{test}}$ |
balancing reaction force outside bolt circle in opposition to moments due to loads inside bolt circle for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $H_{T_{test}}$ |
hydrostatic end force due to pressure on flange face for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $H_{T_{test}}$ |
net pressure load on the flange faces for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $H_{test}$ |
total hydrostatic end force for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $J$ |
factor $ J $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $K$ |
shape factor for an ellipsoidal end |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $K$ |
ratio of the flange diameters |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $K$ |
factor $ K $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $K_1$ |
rate change of the modulus of elasticity of the gasket with compressive stress after bolting-up |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $L$ |
unsupported length of the shell |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $L_{con}$ |
axial length of a cone |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $L_{cyl}$ |
cylinder length between tangent lines |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $M$ |
mean stress sensitivity factor |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $M_R$ |
balancing radial moment in flange along line of bolt holes |
$\mathrm{Nmm}$ |
| $M_{A0}$ |
external bending moment at zero load condition |
$\mathrm{Nmm}$ |
| $M_{A1}$ |
external bending moment at load 1 |
$\mathrm{Nmm}$ |
| $M_{A}$ |
moment exerted on the flange per unit of length for assembly condition |
$\mathrm{Nmm/mm}$ |
| $M_{R_{test}}$ |
balancing radial moment in flange along line of bolt holes for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{Nmm}$ |
| $M_{T-A}$ |
total moment acting upon flange for assembly condition |
$\mathrm{Nmm}$ |
| $M_{T-op}$ |
total moment acting upon flange for operating condition |
$\mathrm{Nmm}$ |
| $M_{T-test}$ |
total moment acting upon flange for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{Nmm}$ |
| $M_{op}$ |
moment exerted on the flange per unit of length for operating condition |
$\mathrm{Nmm/mm}$ |
| $M_{t,nom}$ |
nominal bolt assembly torque |
$\mathrm{Nmm}$ |
| $M_{test}$ |
moment exerted on the flange per unit of length for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{Nmm/mm}$ |
| $N$ |
parameter $ N $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $N$ |
factor $ N $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $N$ |
allowable number of cycles obtained from the fatigue design curves |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $P$ |
calculation pressure |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $P_1$ |
fluid pressure at load 1 |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $P_c$ |
design pressure in a heating/cooling channel |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $P_e$ |
external calculation pressure |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $P_m$ |
theoretical elastic instability pressure for collapse of a perfect cylindrical, conical or spherical shell for normal operating load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $P_m/P_y$ |
radio $ P_m/P_y $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $P_r/P_y$ |
radio $ P_r/P_y $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $P_y$ |
pressure at which mean circumferential stress in cylindrical or conical shell midway between stiffeners, or in a spherical shell, reaches yield point for normal operating load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $P_{e_{test}}$ |
external test pressure |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $P_{m_{test}}$ |
theoretical elastic instability pressure for collapse of a perfect cylindrical, conical or spherical shell for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $P_{m_{test}}/P_{y_{test}}$ |
radio $ P_{m_{test}}/P_{y_{test}} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $P_{r_{test}}/P_{y_{test}}$ |
radio $ P_{r_{test}}/P_{y_{test}} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $P_{test}$ |
test pressure |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $P_{y_{test}}$ |
pressure at which mean circumferential stress in cylindrical or conical shell midway between stiffeners, or in a spherical shell, reaches yield point for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $Q$ |
factor $ Q $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $Q_{0,min}$ |
minimum required compressive stress in gasket for assembly condition |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $Q_{1,min}$ |
minimum required compressive stress in gasket at load 1 |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $Q_{max}$ |
maximum allowable compressive stress in gasket |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R$ |
inside spherical radius of central part of torispherical end |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $R$ |
mean radius of a cylindrical or spherical shell, or mean crown radius of a torispherical end |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $R_m$ |
tensile strength |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_p$ |
proof strength |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_z$ |
surface roughness (peak to valley height) |
$\mathrm{μm}$ |
| $R_{m/20/bolt}$ |
tensile strength of bolt |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{m/20/n}$ |
tensile strength of the nozzle |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{m/20/s}$ |
tensile strength of the shell |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{m/20}$ |
tensile strength |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{m/T/n}$ |
tensile strength at temperature $ T $ of the nozzle |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{m/T/s}$ |
tensile strength at temperature $ T $ of the shell |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{m/T^*}$ |
tensile strength at temperature $ T^* $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{m/T_{assembly}}$ |
tensile strength at temperature $ T_{assembly} $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{m/T_{test}/n}$ |
tensile strength at temperature $ T_{test} $ of the nozzle |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{m/T_{test}/s}$ |
tensile strength at temperature $ T_{test} $ of the shell |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{m/T_{test}}$ |
tensile strength at temperature $ T_{test} $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{m/T}$ |
tensile strength at temperature $ T $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{m/bolt/T^*}$ |
tensile strength of bolt at temperature $ T^* $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{m/bolt/T_{assembly}}$ |
tensile strength of bolt at temperature $ T_{assembly} $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{m/bolt/T_{test}}$ |
tensile strength of bolt at temperature $ T_{test} $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{m/bolt/T}$ |
tensile strength of bolt at temperature $ T $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p0.2/T/n}$ |
0.2 % proof strength at temperature $ T $ of the nozzle |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p0.2/T/s}$ |
0.2 % proof strength at temperature $ T $ of the shell |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p0.2/T^*}$ |
0.2 % proof strength at temperature $ T^* $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p0.2/T_{assembly}}$ |
0.2 % proof strength at temperature $ T_{assembly} $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p0.2/T_{test}/n}$ |
0.2 % proof strength at temperature $ T_{test} $ of the nozzle |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p0.2/T_{test}/s}$ |
0.2 % proof strength at temperature $ T_{test} $ of the shell |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p0.2/T_{test}}$ |
0.2 % proof strength at temperature $ T_{test} $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p0.2/T}$ |
0.2 % proof strength at temperature $ T $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p0.2/bolt/T_{assembly}}$ |
0.2 % proof strength of bolt at temperature $ T_{assembly} $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p0.2/bolt/T_{test}}$ |
0.2 % proof strength of bolt at temperature $ T_{test} $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p0.2/bolt/T}$ |
0.2 % proof strength of bolt at temperature $ T $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p0.2/nut/T_{assembly}}$ |
0.2 % proof strength of nut at temperature $ T_{assembly} $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p0.2/nut/T_{test}}$ |
0.2 % proof strength of nut at temperature $ T_{test} $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p0.2/nut/T}$ |
0.2 % proof strength of nut at temperature $ T $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p1.0/T/n}$ |
1.0 % proof strength at temperature $ T $ of the nozzle |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p1.0/T/s}$ |
1.0 % proof strength at temperature $ T $ of the shell |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p1.0/T^*}$ |
1.0 % proof strength at temperature $ T^* $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p1.0/T_{assembly}}$ |
1.0 % proof strength at temperature $ T_{assembly} $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p1.0/T_{test}/n}$ |
1.0 % proof strength at temperature $ T_{test} $ of the nozzle |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p1.0/T_{test}/s}$ |
1.0 % proof strength at temperature $ T_{test} $ of the shell |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p1.0/T_{test}}$ |
1.0 % proof strength at temperature $ T_{test} $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $R_{p1.0/T}$ |
1.0 % proof strength at temperature $ T $ |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $S$ |
factor $ S $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $T$ |
calculation temperature |
$\mathrm{°C}$ |
| $T^*$ |
assumed mean cycle temperature |
$\mathrm{°C}$ |
| $T_0$ |
temperature of joint at bolting-up |
$\mathrm{°C}$ |
| $T_{B1}$ |
design temperature of bolt at load 1 |
$\mathrm{°C}$ |
| $T_{F1}$ |
design temperature of flange at load 1 (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{°C}$ |
| $T_{G1}$ |
design temperature of gasket at load 1 |
$\mathrm{°C}$ |
| $T_{L1}$ |
design temperature of loose flange at load 1 (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{°C}$ |
| $T_{assembly}$ |
assembly temperature |
$\mathrm{°C}$ |
| $T_{test}$ |
test temperature |
$\mathrm{°C}$ |
| $U$ |
factor $ U $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $V$ |
parameter $ V $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $V_{test}$ |
parameter $ V_{test} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $W$ |
design bolt load for assembly condition |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $W_A$ |
minimum required bolt load for assembly condition |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $W_{op}$ |
minimum required bolt load for operating condition |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $W_{test}$ |
minimum required bolt load for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{N}$ |
| $X$ |
ratio of knuckle inside radius to shell inside diameter |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $X_B$ |
axial flexibility moduli of bolts |
$\mathrm{1/mm}$ |
| $X_G$ |
axial flexibility moduli of gasket |
$\mathrm{1/mm}$ |
| $Y$ |
parameter $ Y $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $Y_1$ |
calculation coefficient $ Y_1 $ for opening reinforcement |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $Y_2$ |
calculation coefficient $ Y_2 $ for opening reinforcement |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $Y_{G0}$ |
axial compliances of the joint corresponding to load $ F_G $ at zero load condition |
$\mathrm{mm/N}$ |
| $Y_{G1}$ |
axial compliances of the joint corresponding to load $ F_G $ at load 1 |
$\mathrm{mm/N}$ |
| $Y_{Q0}$ |
axial compliances of the joint corresponding to load $ F_Q $ at zero load condition |
$\mathrm{mm/N}$ |
| $Y_{Q1}$ |
axial compliances of the joint corresponding to load $ F_Q $ at load 1 |
$\mathrm{mm/N}$ |
| $Y_{R0}$ |
axial compliances of the joint corresponding to load $ F_R $ at zero load condition |
$\mathrm{mm/N}$ |
| $Y_{R1}$ |
axial compliances of the joint corresponding to load $ F_R $ at load 1 |
$\mathrm{mm/N}$ |
| $Z$ |
parameter $ Z $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $Z_F$ |
rotational flexibility moduli of flange (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{1/mm^3}$ |
| $Z_L$ |
rotational flexibility moduli of loose flange (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{1/mm^3}$ |
| $\overline{σ}_{eq,r}$ |
reduced mean equivalent stress for elastic-plastic conditions |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $\overline{σ}_{eq}$ |
mean equivalent stress |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $\tilde{A}_F$ |
radial cross-section area of flange ring (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm^2}$ |
| $\tilde{A}_L$ |
radial cross-section area of loose flange (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm^2}$ |
| $\tilde{E}_{F0}$ |
modulus of elasticity flange at zero load condition (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $\tilde{E}_{F1}$ |
modulus of elasticity flange at load 1 (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $\tilde{E}_{L0}$ |
modulus of elasticity loose flange at zero load condition (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $\tilde{E}_{L1}$ |
modulus of elasticity loose flange at load 1 (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $\tilde{T}_{F1}$ |
design temperature of flange at load 1 (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{°C}$ |
| $\tilde{T}_{L1}$ |
design temperature of loose flange at load 1 (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{°C}$ |
| $\tilde{Z}_F$ |
rotational flexibility moduli of flange (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{1/mm^3}$ |
| $\tilde{Z}_L$ |
rotational flexibility moduli of loose flange (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{1/mm^3}$ |
| $\tilde{b}_0$ |
width of the chamfer or radius on a loose flange (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{b}_F$ |
effective width of flange (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{b}_L$ |
effective width of loose flange (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{c}_F$ |
correction factor $ \tilde{c}_F $ (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $\tilde{d}_0$ |
inside diameter of the flange or outside diameter of the central part of a blank flange (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{d}_1$ |
average diameter of hub, thin end (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{d}_2$ |
average diameter of hub, thick end (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{d}_4$ |
flange outside diameter (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{d}_5$ |
diameters of bolt holes (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{d}_6$ |
inside diameter of a loose flange (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{d}_7$ |
diameter of the position of the reaction between a loose flange and a stub or collar (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{d}_8$ |
outside diameter of stub or collar (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{d}_9$ |
diameter of a central hole in a blank flange (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{d}_E$ |
average diameters of a equivalent cylinder (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{d}_F$ |
average diameters of a part or section flange (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{d}_L$ |
average diameters of a part or section loose flange (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{d}_S$ |
average diameter of a shell (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{d}_{3e}$ |
effective bolt circle diameter (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{d}_{5e}$ |
effective diameters of bolt holes (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{d}_{7,max}$ |
maximum diameter of the position of the reaction between a loose flange and a stub or collar (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{d}_{7,min}$ |
minimum diameter of the position of the reaction between a loose flange and a stub or collar (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{d}_{70}$ |
zero load condition for diameter of the position of the reaction between a loose flange and a stub or collar (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{e}_0$ |
wall thickness of central plate of blank flange (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{e}_1$ |
minimum wall thickness at thin end of hub (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{e}_2$ |
wall thickness at thick end of hub (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{e}_E$ |
wall thickness of the equivalent cylinder for load limit and flexibility calculations respectively (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{e}_F$ |
effective axial thickness of flange (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{e}_L$ |
effective axial thickness of loose flange (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{e}_P$ |
portion of the flange thickness not subject to radial pressure loading (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{e}_S$ |
shell thickness (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{e}_{Ft}$ |
thickness of flange ring at diameter $ d_{Ge} $ (gasket force position), relevant for thermal expansion (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{h}_G$ |
lever arm gasket (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{h}_H$ |
lever arm hub (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{h}_L$ |
lever arm loose flange (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{h}_P$ |
lever arm corrections pressure (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{h}_Q$ |
lever arm corrections net axial force due to pressure (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{h}_R$ |
lever arm corrections net axial force due to external loads (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{h}_S$ |
lever arm corrections shell (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{h}_T$ |
lever arm corrections shell, modified (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{h}_{G0}$ |
lever arms gasket at zero load condition (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{k}_Q$ |
correction factor $ \tilde{k}_Q $ (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $\tilde{k}_R$ |
correction factor $ \tilde{k}_R $ (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $\tilde{l}_H$ |
length of hub (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{p}_B$ |
pitch between bolts (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $\tilde{α}_{F1}$ |
average thermal expansion coefficients of flange at load 1 (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{K^{-1}}$ |
| $\tilde{α}_{L1}$ |
average thermal expansion coefficients of loose flange at load 1 (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{K^{-1}}$ |
| $\tilde{β}$ |
intermediate working variable $ \tilde{β} $ (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $\tilde{γ}$ |
intermediate working variable $ \tilde{γ} $ (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $\tilde{κ}$ |
intermediate working variable $ \tilde{κ} $ (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $\tilde{λ}$ |
intermediate working variable $ \tilde{λ} $ (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $\tilde{ρ}$ |
diameter ratio for blank flanges (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $\tilde{φ}_S$ |
angle of inclination of connected shell wall (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{°}$ |
| $\tilde{ϑ}$ |
intermediate working variable $ \tilde{ϑ} $ (second flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $a$ |
factor $ a $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $a$ |
length of shell covered by heating/cooling coil |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $a'$ |
smaller width dimension in a rectangular, elliptical or obround end |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $b$ |
effective gasket or joint seating width |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $b$ |
factor $ b $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $b'$ |
greater width dimension in a rectangular, elliptical or obround end |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $b'$ |
effective assembly width |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $b'_0$ |
basic assembly width effective under initial tightening up |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $b_0$ |
width of the chamfer or radius on a loose flange (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $b_F$ |
effective width of flange (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $b_L$ |
effective width of loose flange (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $b_{Ge}$ |
gasket widths effective |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $b_{Gi}$ |
gasket widths interim |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $b_{Gt}$ |
gasket widths theoretical |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $c$ |
factor $ c $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $c$ |
mean distance between the gasket reaction and the bolt pitch circle diameter |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $c_F$ |
correction factor $ c_F $ (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $d$ |
diameter of an opening or equivalent diameter of a nozzle |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d$ |
arithmetic mean of the diameters of the openings or the mean equivalent diameter of the nozzles |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d$ |
equivalent diameter of a nozzle |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_0$ |
inside diameter of the flange or outside diameter of the central part of a blank flange (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_1$ |
average diameter of hub, thin end (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_2$ |
average diameter of hub, thick end (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_3$ |
real bolt circle diameter |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_4$ |
flange outside diameter (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_5$ |
diameters of bolt holes (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_6$ |
inside diameter of a loose flange (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_7$ |
diameter of the position of the reaction between a loose flange and a stub or collar (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_8$ |
outside diameter of stub or collar (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_9$ |
diameter of a central hole in a blank flange (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_E$ |
average diameters of a equivalent cylinder (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_F$ |
average diameters of a part or section flange (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_L$ |
average diameters of a part or section loose flange (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_S$ |
average diameter of a shell (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_b$ |
bolt outside diameter |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_e$ |
nozzle outside diameter |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_h$ |
diameter of bore holes |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_h$ |
diameter of bolt holes |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_i$ |
inside diameter of the nozzle |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_n$ |
bolt nominal diameter |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_n$ |
mean contact diameter under nut or bolt head |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_t$ |
mean contact diameter on thread |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_{3e}$ |
effective bolt circle diameter (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_{5e}$ |
effective diameters of bolt holes (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_{7,max}$ |
maximum diameter of the position of the reaction between a loose flange and a stub or collar (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_{7,min}$ |
minimum diameter of the position of the reaction between a loose flange and a stub or collar (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_{70}$ |
zero load condition for diameter of the position of the reaction between a loose flange and a stub or collar (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_{B0}$ |
bolt diameters nominal |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_{Be}$ |
bolt diameters effective |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_{Bs}$ |
bolt diameters waisted |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_{G0}$ |
gasket contact diameters real contact at curved surfaces |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_{G1}$ |
gasket contact diameter theoretical inside |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_{G2}$ |
gasket contact diameter theoretical outside |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_{Ge}$ |
gasket calculation diameter effective |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $d_{Gt}$ |
gasket calculation diameters theoretical |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e$ |
required thickness |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e$ |
minimum flange thickness, measured at the thinnest section |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e$ |
minimum required thickness for a flat end with a hub |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e$ |
minimum thickness within the gasket |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e$ |
the minimum thickness for a flat end with a full-face gasket |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e$ |
thickness of the flat end |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e$ |
cylinder thickness required to carry the pressure in the channels |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_0$ |
wall thickness of central plate of blank flange (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_1$ |
minimum thickness for the flanged extension |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_1$ |
required thickness of cylinder at junction |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_1$ |
minimum wall thickness at thin end of hub (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_2$ |
required thickness of cone and knuckle at junction |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_2$ |
wall thickness at thick end of hub (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_A$ |
minimum thickness within the gasket for assembly cases |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_E$ |
wall thickness of the equivalent cylinder for load limit and flexibility calculations respectively (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_F$ |
effective axial thickness of flange (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_G$ |
gasketaxial thickness |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_L$ |
effective axial thickness of loose flange (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_P$ |
portion of the flange thickness not subject to radial pressure loading (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_S$ |
shell thickness (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_a$ |
analysis thickness |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_b$ |
required thickness of knuckle to avoid plastic buckling |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_j$ |
required or analysis thickness at a junction at the large end of a cone |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_j$ |
required or analysis thickness at a junction at the small end of a cone |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_n$ |
bolt diameter |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_n$ |
material thickness |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_p$ |
minimum thickness within the gasket for calculation pressure |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_r$ |
minimum required thickness under a relief groove |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_s$ |
required thickness of end to limit membrane stress in central part |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_s$ |
analysis thickness of a uniform cylindrical shell, or the equivalent thickness of a tapered cylindrical shell, adjacent to a flat end |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_y$ |
required thickness of knuckle to avoid axisymmetric yielding |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_{1,a}$ |
analysis thickness for the flanged extension |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_{Ft}$ |
thickness of flange ring at diameter $ d_{Ge} $ (gasket force position), relevant for thermal expansion (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_{af}$ |
analysis thickness of an end with a hub |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_{af}$ |
analysis thickness |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_{b_{test}}$ |
required thickness of knuckle to avoid plastic buckling for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_{con_{test}}$ |
required thickness of cone for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_{con}$ |
required thickness of cone |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_{cyl}$ |
required thickness of cylinder |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_{p1}$ |
minimum thickness for the flanged extension for calculation pressure |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_{p_{test}1}$ |
minimum thickness for the flanged extension for test pressure |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_{p_{test}}$ |
minimum thickness within the gasket for test pressure |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_{r_{test}}$ |
minimum required thickness under a relief groove for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_{s_{test}}$ |
required thickness of end to limit membrane stress in central part for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_{test}$ |
required thickness for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_{test}$ |
minimum flange thickness, measured at the thinnest section for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_{test}$ |
minimum required thickness for a flat end with a hub for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $e_{y_{test}}$ |
required thickness of knuckle to avoid axisymmetric yielding for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $f_1$ |
factor $ f_1 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $f_A$ |
maximum allowed value of the nominal design stress for assembly cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $f_B$ |
bolt nominal design stress for normal operating load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $f_b$ |
design stress for buckling formula for normal operating load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $f_b$ |
overall correction factor applied to bolts |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $f_d$ |
maximum allowed value of the nominal design stress for normal operating load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $f_e$ |
thickness correction factor in unwelded components |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $f_m$ |
mean stress correction factor |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $f_n$ |
nominal design stress at calculation temperature of the nozzle for normal operating load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $f_s$ |
nominal design stress at calculation temperature of the shell for normal operating load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $f_s$ |
surface finish correction factor |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $f_u$ |
overall correction factor applied to unwelded components |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $f_w$ |
overall correction factor applied to welded components |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $f_{B,A}$ |
bolt nominal design stress at assembly temperature |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $f_{B_{test}}$ |
bolt nominal design stress for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $f_{b_{test}}$ |
design stress for buckling formula for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $f_{ew}$ |
thickness correction factor in welded components |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $f_{min_{test}}$ |
lower of the nominal design stresses $ f_{test} $ of the end and $ f_{s_{test}} $ of the shell for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $f_{min}$ |
lower of the nominal design stresses $ f_d $ of the end and $ f_s $ of the shell for normal operating load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $f_{n_{test}}$ |
nominal design stress at calculation temperature of the nozzle for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $f_{s_{test}}$ |
nominal design stress at calculation temperature of the shell for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $f_{t^*}$ |
temperature correction factor |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $f_{test}$ |
maximum allowed value of the nominal design stress for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $g$ |
factor $ g $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $g_0$ |
thickness of hub at small end |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $g_1$ |
thickness of hub at back of flange |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $g_c$ |
creep factor for gasket |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $g_{C0}$ |
creep factor for gasket at zero load condition |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $g_{C1}$ |
creep factor for gasket at load 1 |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $h$ |
hub length |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $h$ |
smallest distance between the centre of an opening and the inside of the shell |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $h$ |
external height of dished end $ h $ |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $h'$ |
external height of dished end $ h' $ |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $h''$ |
external height of dished end $ h'' $ |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $h_D$ |
radial distance from bolt circle to circle on which $ H_D $ acts |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $h_G$ |
radial distance from gasket load reaction to bolt circle |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $h_G$ |
lever arm gasket (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $h_H$ |
lever arm hub (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $h_L$ |
lever arm loose flange (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $h_P$ |
lever arm corrections pressure (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $h_Q$ |
lever arm corrections net axial force due to pressure (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $h_R$ |
radial distance from bolt circle to circle on which $ H_R $ acts |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $h_R$ |
lever arm corrections net axial force due to external loads (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $h_S$ |
lever arm corrections shell (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $h_T$ |
radial distance from bolt circle to circle on which $ H_T $ acts |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $h_T$ |
lever arm corrections shell, modified (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $h_i$ |
inside height of end measured from the tangent line |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $h_w$ |
distance between the external wall of an end with a relief groove and the weld on the shell |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $h_{G0}$ |
lever arm gasket at zero load condition (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $k$ |
stress factor |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $k$ |
distance between the centres of the openings |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $k_Q$ |
correction factor $ k_Q $ (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $k_R$ |
correction factor $ k_R $ (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $l_0$ |
length parameter |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $l_1$ |
length along cylinder |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $l_2$ |
length along cone at large or small end |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $l_B$ |
bolt axial dimensions |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $l_H$ |
length of hub (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $l_b$ |
length of bolts in threaded holes |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $l_e$ |
bolt axial dimensions effective |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $l_n$ |
length nut |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $l_s$ |
bolt axial dimensions shaft i.e non threaded part of bolt |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $l_{cyl}$ |
length of cylindrical shell |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $m$ |
gasket factor |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $m_1$ |
exponent $ m_1 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $m_1$ |
gasket compression factor at load 1 |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $m_2$ |
exponent $ m_2 $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $m_I$ |
gasket compression factor |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $n$ |
number of bolts |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $n_B$ |
number |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $n_{EQ}$ |
equivalent bolt number |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $n_{cyl}$ |
number of circumferential waves for an unstiffened part of a cylinder |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $p_B$ |
pitch between bolts (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $p_t$ |
thread pitch |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $r$ |
inside radius of curvature of a knuckle |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $r$ |
inside radius of a hub |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $r$ |
knuckle radius |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $r_2$ |
radius of curvature in gasket cross section |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $r_d$ |
inside radius of the relief groove |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $s$ |
factor $ s $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $t_B$ |
mean bolt pitch in a bolted flat end |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $t_{Bmax}$ |
maximum bolt pitch |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $y$ |
minimum gasket or joint seating pressure |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $z$ |
joint coefficient |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ΔU_1$ |
overall axial thermal expansion relative to bolting-up condition at load 1 |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $Δσ$ |
stress range |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $Δσ_D$ |
endurance limit |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $Δσ_{Cut}$ |
cut-off limit |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $Δσ_{eq}$ |
equivalent stress range |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $α$ |
semi angle of cone at apex |
$\mathrm{°}$ |
| $α$ |
half thread-angle |
$\mathrm{°}$ |
| $α_{B1}$ |
average thermal expansion coefficients of bolt at load 1 |
$\mathrm{K^{-1}}$ |
| $α_{F1}$ |
average thermal expansion coefficients of flange at load 1 (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{K^{-1}}$ |
| $α_{G1}$ |
average thermal expansion coefficients of gasket at load 1 |
$\mathrm{K^{-1}}$ |
| $α_{L1}$ |
average thermal expansion coefficients of loose flange at load 1 (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{K^{-1}}$ |
| $β$ |
factor $ β $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $β$ |
intermediate working variable $ β $ (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $β_F$ |
factor $ β_F $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $β_H$ |
factor $ β_H $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $β_K$ |
weakening factor due to presence of nozzle |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $β_T$ |
factor $ β_T $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $β_U$ |
factor $ β_U $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $β_V$ |
factor $ β_V $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $β_Y$ |
factor $ β_Y $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $β_{0.06}$ |
factor $ β_{0.06} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $β_{0.1}$ |
factor $ β_{0.1} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $β_{0.2}$ |
factor $ β_{0.2} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $β_{FL}$ |
factor $ β_{FL} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $β_{K_{test}}$ |
weakening factor due to presence of nozzle for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $β_{VL}$ |
factor $ β_{VL} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $γ$ |
factor $ γ $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $γ$ |
intermediate working variable $ γ $ (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $δ_b$ |
distance between centre lines of adjacent bolts |
$\mathrm{mm}$ |
| $ε$ |
mean elastic circumferential strain at collapse |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ε_{1+}$ |
scatter value $ ε_{1+} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ε_{1-}$ |
scatter value $ ε_{1-} $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ε_{n+}$ |
scatter value of the initial bolt load for $ n_B $ bolts aboove nominal value |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ε_{n-}$ |
scatter value of the initial bolt load for $ n_B $ bolts below nominal value |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $κ$ |
intermediate working variable $ κ $ (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $λ$ |
factor $ λ $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $λ$ |
intermediate working variable $ λ $ (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $μ_n$ |
friction coefficient under nut or bolt head |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $μ_t$ |
friction coefficient on thread |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ν$ |
Poisson's ratio |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ρ$ |
factor $ ρ $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $ρ$ |
diameter ratio for blank flanges (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $σ_e$ |
nominal elastic limit for shell for normal operating load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $σ_{H_{A}}$ |
longitudinal stress in hub for assembly condition |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $σ_{H_{op}}$ |
longitudinal stress in hub for operating condition |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $σ_{H_{test}}$ |
longitudinal stress in hub for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $σ_{e_{test}}$ |
nominal elastic limit for shell for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $σ_{eq\ max}$ |
maximum equivalent stress range |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $σ_{r_{A}}$ |
radial stress in flange for assembly condition |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $σ_{r_{op}}$ |
radial stress in flange for operating condition |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $σ_{r_{test}}$ |
radial stress in flange for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $σ_{θ_{A}}$ |
tangential stress in flange for assembly condition |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $σ_{θ_{op}}$ |
tangential stress in flange for operating condition |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $σ_{θ_{test}}$ |
tangential stress in flange for testing load cases |
$\mathrm{MPa}$ |
| $τ$ |
factor $ τ $ |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $φ$ |
hub stress correction factor |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
| $φ_G$ |
angle of inclination of a sealing face |
$\mathrm{°}$ |
| $φ_S$ |
angle of inclination of connected shell wall (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{°}$ |
| $ϑ$ |
intermediate working variable $ ϑ $ (first flange of the joint) |
$\mathrm{ }$ |
